Application of multiple methods for reverse flow routing: A case study of Luxi river basin, China

Abstract

Because of the lack of hydrological monitoring facilities and methods in many areas, basic hydrological elements cannot be obtained directly. In that case, the reverse flow routing method is frequently used, which allows for the simulation of hydraulic elements upstream using downstream data, and is of great significance for river and reservoir joint regulation, flood disaster management, flood control evaluation, and flood forecasting. The hydrological and hydrodynamic methods are the two main approaches to reverse flow routing. The hydrological method is mainly realized by constructing a distributed or lumped hydrological model based on rainfall, soil type, terrain slope, and other data. A distributed hydrological model focuses on the physical mechanism of runoff yield and flow concentration, the spatial variability of model input, and the hydraulic connection between different units. The solution of the hydrological method is relatively simple, but it requires a large amount of measured data, which limits the applicability of this method. The other method builds a hydrodynamic model by solving shallow water equations for reverse flow routing. This method has definite physical significance, higher accuracy, and obvious advantages of simple and fast calculations. It can not only simulate one-dimensional but also two-dimensional flood routing processes. In addition, the slope-area method is frequently used for flood reverse routing in many areas in China without relevant hydrological data, and can calculate the peak discharge, maximum water level, flood recurrence interval, and other information by the hydrodynamic formula, along with the cross-section and the measured flood mark water level. Due to the influence of extreme weather, a heavy rainstorm and flood occurred in the Luxi river basin in China on 16 August 2020, resulting in severe flood disasters in this area and causing significant economic losses. Moreover, due to the lack and damage of hydrological monitoring equipment, hydrological information such as flood hydrographs and peak discharges of this flood could not be recorded. To reduce the uncertainty of a single method for reverse flow routing, we integrated and applied the hydrodynamic, hydrological, and slope-area methods to reverse flow routing in the Luxi river basin on 16 August 2020. The simulation accuracy of the three methods was verified in terms of the measured flood mark water level, and the simulation results of the three methods were analyzed and compared. The results are as follows: 1) The hydrological method can better simulate flood hydrographs and durations, especially for flood hydrographs with multiple peaks, and is more applicable than the other two methods. However, the hydrodynamic and slope-area methods have better accuracy in the reverse simulation of flood peaks. Therefore, through the comprehensive comparative analysis of these three methods, flood elements such as flood hydrographs, peak discharges, and durations can be simulated more accurately, and the problem of large errors caused by a single method can be avoided; 2) The simulation results of the hydrodynamic and slope-area methods are similar, and the maximum error of the peak discharge calculated using the two methods is within 10%. According to the simulation results, the peak discharge reached 2,920 m3/s downstream of Luxi river basin, which is a flood having more than 100-year recurrence interval; 3) The simulation results of the hydrological method show that the flow hydrograph is a double-peak, and the two peaks occurred at 17:00 on August 16 and 6:00 on 17 August 2020, respectively.