Biologically relevant small variations of intra-cellular pH can have significant effect on stability of protein–DNA complexes, including the nucleosome

Abstract

Stability of a protein-ligand complex may be sensitive to pH of its environment. Here we explore, computationally, stability of a set of protein-nucleic acid complexes using fundamental thermodynamic linkage relationship. The nucleosome, as well as an essentially random selection of 20 protein complexes with DNA or RNA, are included in the analysis. An increase in intra-cellular/intra-nuclear pH destabilizes most complexes, including the nucleosome. We propose to quantify the effect by ΔΔG0.3—the change in the binding free energy due to pH increase of 0.3 units, corresponding to doubling of the H+ activity; variations of pH of this amplitude can occur in living cells, including in the course of the cell cycle, and in cancer cells relative to normal ones. We suggest, based on relevant experimental findings, a threshold of biological significance of 12kBT(∼0.3kcal/mol) for changes of stability of chromatin-related protein-DNA complexes: a change in the binding affinity above the threshold may have biological consequences. We find that for 70% of the examined complexes, ΔΔG0.3>12kBT (for 10%, ΔΔG0.3 is between 3 and 4 kBT). Thus, small but relevant variations of intra-nuclear pH of 0.3 may have biological consequences for many protein-nucleic acid complexes. The binding affinity between the histone octamer and its DNA, which directly affects the DNA accessibility in the nucleosome, is predicted to be highly sensitive to intra-nuclear pH. A variation of 0.3 units results in ΔΔG0.3 ∼ 10kBT(∼6kcal/mol); for spontaneous unwrapping of 20 bp long entry/exit fragments of the nucleosomal DNA, ΔΔG0.3 = 2.2kBT; partial disassembly of the nucleosome into the tetrasome is characterized by ΔΔG0.3 = 5.2kBT. The predicted pH -induced modulations of the nucleosome stability are significant enough to suggest that they may have consequences relevant to the biological function of the nucleosome. Accessibility of the nucleosomal DNA is predicted to positively correlate with pH variations during the cell cycle; an increase in intra-cellular pH seen in cancer cells is predicted to lead to a more accessible nucleosomal DNA; a drop in pH associated with apoptosis is predicted to make nucleosomal DNA less accessible. We speculate that processes that depend on accessibility to the DNA in the nucleosomes, such as transcription or DNA replication, might become upregulated due to relatively small, but nevertheless realistic increases of intra-nuclear pH.