Author:
Nabariya Deepti Kailash,Heinz Annika,Derksen Sabrina,Krauß Sybille
Abstract
RNA is a vital biomolecule, the function of which is tightly spatiotemporally regulated. RNA organelles are biological structures that either membrane-less or surrounded by membrane. They are produced by the all the cells and indulge in vital cellular mechanisms. They include the intracellular RNA granules and the extracellular exosomes. RNA granules play an essential role in intracellular regulation of RNA localization, stability and translation. Aberrant regulation of RNA is connected to disease development. For example, in microsatellite diseases such as CXG repeat expansion disorders, the mutant CXG repeat RNA’s localization and function are affected. RNA is not only transported intracellularly but can also be transported between cells via exosomes. The loading of the exosomes is regulated by RNA-protein complexes, and recent studies show that cytosolic RNA granules and exosomes share common content. Intracellular RNA granules and exosome loading may therefore be related. Exosomes can also transfer pathogenic molecules of CXG diseases from cell to cell, thereby driving disease progression. Both intracellular RNA granules and extracellular RNA vesicles may serve as a source for diagnostic and treatment strategies. In therapeutic approaches, pharmaceutical agents may be loaded into exosomes which then transport them to the desired cells/tissues. This is a promising target specific treatment strategy with few side effects. With respect to diagnostics, disease-specific content of exosomes, e.g., RNA-signatures, can serve as attractive biomarker of central nervous system diseases detecting early physiological disturbances, even before symptoms of neurodegeneration appear and irreparable damage to the nervous system occurs. In this review, we summarize the known function of cytoplasmic RNA granules and extracellular vesicles, as well as their role and dysfunction in CXG repeat expansion disorders. We also provide a summary of established protocols for the isolation and characterization of both cytoplasmic and extracellular RNA organelles.
Subject
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (miscellaneous),Molecular Biology,Biochemistry
Reference218 articles.
1. Drug loading and functional efficacy of cow, buffalo, and goat milk-derived exosomes: A comparative study;Ahmed;Mol. Pharm.,2022
2. Biogenesis of extracellular vesicles (EV): Exosomes, microvesicles, retrovirus-like vesicles, and apoptotic bodies;Akers;J. Neurooncol.,2013
3. Axonal ribosomes and mRNAs associate with fragile X granules in adult rodent and human brains;Akins;Hum. Mol. Genet.,2017
4. The Friedreich ataxia GAA repeat expansion mutation induces comparable epigenetic changes in human and transgenic mouse brain and heart tissues;Al-Mahdawi;Hum. Mol. Genet.,2008
5. Estimation of the age at onset in spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 Cuban patients by survival analysis;Almaguer-Mederos;Clin. Genet.,2010
Cited by
1 articles.
订阅此论文施引文献
订阅此论文施引文献,注册后可以免费订阅5篇论文的施引文献,订阅后可以查看论文全部施引文献
1. RNA-binding is an ancient trait of the Annexin family;Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology;2023-06-15