Cerebral Edema Formation After Stroke: Emphasis on Blood–Brain Barrier and the Lymphatic Drainage System of the Brain

Abstract

Brain edema is a severe stroke complication that is associated with prolonged hospitalization and poor outcomes. Swollen tissues in the brain compromise cerebral perfusion and may also result in transtentorial herniation. As a physical and biochemical barrier between the peripheral circulation and the central nervous system (CNS), the blood–brain barrier (BBB) plays a vital role in maintaining the stable microenvironment of the CNS. Under pathological conditions, such as ischemic stroke, the dysfunction of the BBB results in increased paracellular permeability, directly contributing to the extravasation of blood components into the brain and causing cerebral vasogenic edema. Recent studies have led to the discovery of the glymphatic system and meningeal lymphatic vessels, which provide a channel for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to enter the brain and drain to nearby lymph nodes and communicate with the peripheral immune system, modulating immune surveillance and brain responses. A deeper understanding of the function of the cerebral lymphatic system calls into question the known mechanisms of cerebral edema after stroke. In this review, we first discuss how BBB disruption after stroke can cause or contribute to cerebral edema from the perspective of molecular and cellular pathophysiology. Finally, we discuss how the cerebral lymphatic system participates in the formation of cerebral edema after stroke and summarize the pathophysiological process of cerebral edema formation after stroke from the two directions of the BBB and cerebral lymphatic system.