Gonad irradiation from fluoroscopy during upper limb orthopaedic procedures in a UK District General Hospital

Abstract

Objectives: To perform a dose assessment of radiation received to the surgeon’s gonads when performing upper limb fluoroscopy-guided procedures when the C-arm may be positioned in between the surgeon’s legs. Methods: A calibrated MDH-Radcal 2025 electrometer was used to read the radiation dose for a single exposure and a 5-s screening radiograph with the C-arm firing up and down. These were performed with and without a lead gown positioned over the ionisation chamber where it would ordinarily lie over gonads during surgery. Results: With the tube firing down and lead apron in place the single exposure (SE) recorded<0.01 uSv and screening exposure (SC) recorded 0.01 uSv. With the tube firing up, with lead the SE recorded 0.09 uSv and the SC 0.54 uSv. In the same situation without lead, the recordings were 0.13 uSv SE and 0. 65 uSv SC. Conclusions: With the X-ray tube firing up, there is a measurable radiation dose to the area where the surgeons’ gonads lie. The standard lead apron does not provide shielding of the gonads for a surgeon sitting down performing the operation with the tube firing up since the principal source of the radiation is below the edge of the apron and thus scatters up into the unprotected groin. Advances in knowledge: Fluoroscopy with conventional C-arm in upper limb procedures can cause scatter irradiation to gonads. The X-ray beam should always be fired from top to bottom otherwise large doses can be emitted and the lead gown is less protective.