A review of staging chest CT in trunk and extremity soft tissue sarcoma

Abstract

Objectives: To determine the incidence of pulmonary metastases on chest CT in trunk and extremity soft tissue sarcoma based on two size criteria, and to identify factors associated with metastases. Methods: Retrospective review of chest CT studies in patients with trunk and extremity soft tissue sarcoma over an 18-month period. Data collected included patient age/sex, tumour location, size and relationship to fascia. All chest CTs were reviewed for the presence of metastases which were diagnosed according to two size criteria: multiple nodules > 5 mm in size or multiple nodules > 10 mm in size. Follow-up CT studies were reviewed in cases initially considered indeterminate. Results: 127 males and 73 females were included (mean age 57.1 years; range 10–90 years). 147 (73.5%) tumours were deep to the fascia and 53 (26.5%) superficial. Tumour size classified according to the 12 AJCC 2019 criteria was: T1 = 52, T2 = 76, T3 = 39, T4 = 33. Based on nodule size >5 mm, 73 (36.5%) patients had no metastases, 42 (21%) had metastases, while 85 (42.5%) studies were indeterminate. Based on nodule size >10 mm, 73 (36.5%) patients had no metastases, 28 (14%) had metastases, while 99 (49.5%) studies were indeterminate. Larger maximum dimension of the primary tumour was a risk factor for pulmonary metastases using both size criteria. Conclusion: The incidence of pulmonary metastases at presentation in trunk and extremity soft tissue sarcoma is 14–21%. 42.5–49.5% of chest CTs were indeterminate. Advances in knowledge: The incidence of pulmonary metastases at presentation in trunk and extremity soft tissue sarcoma is 14–21%. Indeterminate pulmonary nodules are also very common.