Concentration and Distribution of Organochlorine Pesticides in Sediments of the Niger River, Nigeria

Abstract

Background. Pollution in aquatic ecosystems is a serious environmental concern. There is a great need for constant assessment and monitoring of hazardous substances, particularly in aquatic environments in developing countries, as rivers are media with easy trans-boundary transport of chemical substances. Objectives. The present study assessed the occurrence and distribution of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the sediments of the Niger River, Nigeria. Methods. A total of 120 samples of sediment were collected from 15 locations along the river using Van Veen grab. The Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) 3570 method with slight modification was used for sample preparation. Organochlorine pesticides were analyzed using Hewlett Packard 5890 series II gas chromatography with electron capture detector. Confirmation of OCPs was performed using a gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer (Shimadzu QP2010) and capillary column type HP1MS (30 m × 0.25 um × 0.25 mm id). Results. The highest concentration of ∑OCPs in the sediment samples of the River Niger (5023±1596 μg/kg, 4672–7009 μg/kg) was detected in a location at Onitsha, while the lowest concentration (1570±204.5, 1214–1820 μg/kg) was detected in a location at the Nicolas River. Discussion. High values of ∑OCPs (>2000 μg/kg) were detected in all of the locations except in three locations where lower levels were detected. The ∑OCPs were higher during the dry season compared to the rainy season. This may be because the resident time of the sediment transported was higher during the dry season compared to the rainy season, which is characterized by storms, high current, and bottom scour. The chlordane concentration ranged between 24.4 and 134.1 μg/kg dry weight (dw) in locations Nicolas 14 and Lokoja 5; and the Probable Effect Concentration guidelines were exceeded. Dieldrin was detected at very low levels in most of the locations and ranged from 5.67 to 70.3 μg/kg dw in locations Onitsha 9 and 8; and the Probable Effect Concentration guideline was only exceeded in location Onitsha 8; however, the Toxic Effect Concentration guideline was exceeded at all of the locations. Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD) was not detected in location Lokoja 6 or 7, and Onitsha 8 and 9, although the concentration in all other locations exceeded the guidelines. Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) concentrations exceeded the guidelines except in location Nicolas 13. Conclusions. Due to the environmental/human risk and potential danger of the elevated levels of OCPs, there is a need for continuous monitoring of the Niger River. Competing Interests. The authors declare no competing financial interests.