Abstract
Iron deficiency is one of the most common micronutrient deficiency in infancy and childhood. The main long lasting effect of iron deficiency anemia in infancy is poor neurocognitive development. Despite early treatment with iron supplements, lower cognitive performance remains even after reaching adulthood. Therefore iron deficiency anemia should be regarded not only as a haematological problem, but as a result of imperfections in the social system. Preventive strategies occupie most important place ensuring the normal development of the child. The main recommendations regarding iron deficiency prophylaxis are as follows: delayed umbilical cord clamping, exclusive breastfeeding until 6 months of age, iron fortified formula for non-breastfed infants, iron supplements for infants with risk factors, complementary feeding starting at 6 months of age, avoiding cow‘s milk until 12 months of age and restriction of intake to less than 500 ml per day for toddlers. The article analyzes iron deficiency impact on the development of central nervous system, the characteristics of iron homeostasis in children, iron deficiency anemia causes and pathophysiological mechanisms. Based on the latest scientific literature iron deficiency prevention strategies and practical recommendations are provided.