1. From the Hemoptysis and Pulmonary-Circulation Center, Eishinkai Kishiwada Rehabilitation Hospital, Kishiwada, Japan (H.I., N.O.); Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Health Economics, School of Public Health, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan (H.O., H.Y.); and Department of Health Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan (K.M.).