Eco-Friendly Geopolymer Composites Prepared from Agro-Industrial Wastes: A State-of-the-Art Review
Author:
Alawi Asiya1, Milad Abdalrhman1ORCID, Barbieri Diego2ORCID, Alosta Moad1ORCID, Alaneme George Uwadiegwu3ORCID, Imran Latif Qadir Bux alias1
Affiliation:
1. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, Nizwa 616, Oman 2. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 7A, Trøndelag, 7491 Trondheim, Norway 3. Department of Civil Engineering, Kampala International University, Kampala 20000, Uganda
Abstract
Portland cement (PC) is a common material used in civil infrastructure engineering. Cement production emits roughly 2.2 billion tons of CO2 per year, contributing 8% of global emissions in 2016. This contributes to almost half of the calcination process, and together with thermal combustion, clinker generation could be responsible for 90% of the sector’s emissions. One effective technique for dealing with these industrial by-product wastes is to employ them to make cement replacements such as concrete and mortar, which can be used in a variety of applications. As a result, the purpose of this research is to review the current advancements, challenges, and future perspectives on the utilization of agro-industrial waste (AIW) produced around the world in cement-based products. Geopolymers (GPs), on the other hand, reduce carbon dioxide emissions and have the potential to be a complete or partial replacement for PC in the construction sector. The GP technology enables the use of AIW in combination with an alumina–silicate (A–S) phase with minimal environmental impact. GP-cement is mostly produced by activating alkali silicates or alkali sols with secondary raw materials such as calcined clays, fly ash (FA), zeolite, metakaolin, etc. Mixing various resource materials, including additives, A–S, and alkali sols, alkali concentrations, optimizing the curing temperature, the SiO2/Na2O ratio, microstructural behavior, and other factors, results in GP-cement with outstanding mechanical and durability characteristics. The review concludes that AIW-based geopolymer composites have shown promising results in terms of their mechanical properties, durability, and environmental sustainability, which makes them emerge as promising future building materials with applications in a wide range of industries.
Funder
the TRC research project
Subject
General Earth and Planetary Sciences,General Environmental Science
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