Insights into the Serum Metabolic Adaptations in Response to Inspiratory Muscle Training: A Metabolomic Approach Based on 1H NMR and UHPLC-HRMS/MS

Author:

Castro Alex12ORCID,Catai Aparecida M.3ORCID,Rehder-Santos Patrícia3ORCID,Signini Étore F.3ORCID,de Abreu Raphael Martins3ORCID,Da Silva Claudio Donisete3,Dato Carla Cristina4,Oliveira Regina V.1ORCID,Ferreira Antônio G.1

Affiliation:

1. Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos 13565-905, Brazil

2. Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas 13083-100, Brazil

3. Department of Physiotherapy, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Sao Carlos 13565-905, Brazil

4. Nutrition Course, Central Paulista University Center, Sao Carlos 13563-470, Brazil

Abstract

Inspiratory muscle training (IMT) is known to promote physiological benefits and improve physical performance in endurance sports activities. However, the metabolic adaptations promoted by different IMT prescribing strategies remain unclear. In this work, a longitudinal, randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled, parallel trial was performed to investigate the effects of 11 weeks (3 days·week−1) of IMT at different exercise intensities on the serum metabolomics profile and its main regulated metabolic pathways. Twenty-eight healthy male recreational cyclists (30.4 ± 6.5 years) were randomized into three groups: sham (6 cm·H2O of inspiratory pressure, n = 7), moderate-intensity (MI group, 60% maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP), n = 11) and high-intensity (HI group, 85–90% MIP, n = 10). Blood serum samples were collected before and after 11 weeks of IMT and analyzed by 1H NMR and UHPLC-HRMS/MS. Data were analyzed using linear mixed models and metabolite set enrichment analysis. The 1H NMR and UHPLC-HRMS/MS techniques resulted in 46 and 200 compounds, respectively. These results showed that ketone body metabolism, fatty acid biosynthesis, and aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis were upregulated after IMT, while alpha linolenic acid and linoleic acid metabolism as well as biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids were downregulated. The MI group presented higher MIP, Tryptophan, and Valine levels but decreased 2-Hydroxybutyrate levels when compared to the other two studied groups. These results suggest an increase in the oxidative metabolic processes after IMT at different intensities with additional evidence for the upregulation of essential amino acid metabolism in the MI group accompanied by greater improvement in respiratory muscle strength.

Funder

Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education

São Paulo Research Foundation

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

Inorganic Chemistry,Organic Chemistry,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry,Computer Science Applications,Spectroscopy,Molecular Biology,General Medicine,Catalysis

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