The Nexus between Climate Change and Geopolitical Risk Index in Saudi Arabia Based on the Fourier-Domain Transfer Entropy Spectrum Method

Author:

Dhifaoui Zouhaier1,Ncibi Kaies2ORCID,Gasmi Faicel3,Alqarni Abulmajeed Abdallah4

Affiliation:

1. Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, University of Sousse, Mouhamed Karoui Street 4002, Sousse 4023, Tunisia

2. Modeling and Optimization for Decisional, Industrial and Logestic Systems Laboratory, Faculty of Management and Economic Sciences, Sfax 3018, Tunisia

3. Department of Marketing and E-Commerce, College of Administrative Sciences, University of Najran, P.O. Box 1988, Najran 66462, Saudi Arabia

4. Law Department, College of Administrative Sciences, University of Najran, P.O. Box 1988, Najran 66462, Saudi Arabia

Abstract

Geopolitical risks have recently escalated due to increased disputes and tensions between nations worldwide. Additionally, “climate change” describes the prolonged alteration of regular weather patterns, mainly due to human activities on Earth, leading to disastrous consequences for human livelihoods, the economy, and natural ecology. This study employs a novel transfer entropy spectrum-based Fourier domain to dynamically analyze the geopolitical risk index and specific climate change factors in Saudi Arabia. Our comprehensive investigation reveals a robust bidirectional causal relationship between the geopolitical risk index and key climate change variables, including total precipitation, relative humidity, temperature, and wind speed and direction. These findings provide compelling evidence of the intricate and complex links between geopolitical concerns and climate change in the region. The study offers policymakers and scholars crucial new insights into addressing the challenges posed by geopolitical instability and climate change by uncovering these causal relationships.

Funder

Deanship of Scientific Research, Najran University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment,Geography, Planning and Development,Building and Construction

Reference83 articles.

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3. Michel, D., Klimes, M., and Eriksson, M. (2021). Handbook of Security and the Environment, Edward Elgar.

4. Climatic Classifications of Saudi Arabia for Building Energy Modelling;Alrashed;Energy Procedia,2015

5. Climate Change: The Game Changer in the Gulf Cooperation Council Region;Kazem;Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.,2017

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