Delineation of 12-Lead ECG Representative Beats Using Convolutional Encoder–Decoders with Residual and Recurrent Connections

Abstract

The aim of this study is to address the challenge of 12-lead ECG delineation by different encoder–decoder architectures of deep neural networks (DNNs). This study compares four concepts for encoder–decoders based on a fully convolutional architecture (CED-Net) and its modifications with a recurrent layer (CED-LSTM-Net), residual connections between symmetrical encoder and decoder feature maps (CED-U-Net), and sequential residual blocks (CED-Res-Net). All DNNs transform 12-lead representative beats to three diagnostic ECG intervals (P-wave, QRS-complex, QT-interval) used for the global delineation of the representative beat (P-onset, P-offset, QRS-onset, QRS-offset, T-offset). All DNNs were trained and optimized using the large PhysioNet ECG database (PTB-XL) under identical conditions, applying an advanced approach for machine-based supervised learning with a reference algorithm for ECG delineation (ETM, Schiller AG, Baar, Switzerland). The test results indicate that all DNN architectures are equally capable of reproducing the reference delineation algorithm’s measurements in the diagnostic PTB database with an average P-wave detection accuracy (96.6%) and time and duration errors: mean values (−2.6 to 2.4 ms) and standard deviations (2.9 to 11.4 ms). The validation according to the standard-based evaluation practices of diagnostic electrocardiographs with the CSE database outlines a CED-Net model, which measures P-duration (2.6 ± 11.0 ms), PQ-interval (0.9 ± 5.8 ms), QRS-duration (−2.4 ± 5.4 ms), and QT-interval (−0.7 ± 10.3 ms), which meet all standard tolerances. Noise tests with high-frequency, low-frequency, and power-line frequency noise (50/60 Hz) confirm that CED-Net, CED-Res-Net, and CED-LSTM-Net are robust to all types of noise, mostly presenting a mean duration error < 2.5 ms when compared to measurements without noise. Reduced noise immunity is observed for the U-net architecture. Comparative analysis with other published studies scores this research within the lower range of time errors, highlighting its competitive performance.