The Extent of Intracellular Accumulation of Bilirubin Determines Its Anti- or Pro-Oxidant Effect

Abstract

Background: Severe hyperbilirubinemia can cause permanent neurological damage in particular in neonates, whereas mildly elevated serum bilirubin protects from various oxidative stress-mediated diseases. The present work aimed to establish the intracellular unconjugated bilirubin concentrations (iUCB) thresholds differentiating between anti- and pro-oxidant effects. Methods: Hepatic (HepG2), heart endothelial (H5V), kidney tubular (HK2) and neuronal (SH-SY5Y) cell lines were exposed to increasing concentration of bilirubin. iUCB, cytotoxicity, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentrations, and antioxidant capacity (50% efficacy concentration (EC50)) were determined. Results: Exposure of SH-SY5Y to UCB concentration > 3.6 µM (iUCB of 25 ng/mg) and >15 µM in H5V and HK2 cells (iUCB of 40 ng/mg) increased intracellular ROS production (p < 0.05). EC50 of the antioxidant activity was 21 µM (iUCB between 5.4 and 21 ng/mg) in HepG2 cells, 0.68 µM (iUCB between 3.3 and 7.5 ng/mg) in SH-SY5Y cells, 2.4 µM (iUCB between 3 and 6.7 ng/mg) in HK2 cells, and 4 µM (iUCB between 4.7 and 7.5 ng/mg) in H5V cells. Conclusions: In all the cell lines studied, iUCB of around 7 ng/mg protein had antioxidant activities, while iUCB > 25 ng/mg protein resulted in a prooxidant and cytotoxic effects. UCB metabolism was found to be cell-specific resulting in different iUCB.