Which Specific Exercise Models Are Most Effective on Global Cognition in Patients with Cognitive Impairment? A Network Meta-Analysis

Abstract

(1) Introduction: Physical exercise interventions can impart significant cognitive benefits to older adults suffering from cognitive impairment (CI). However, the efficacy of these interventions can vary widely, depending on the type, intensity, duration and frequency of exercise. (2) Aim: To systematically review the efficacy of exercise therapy on global cognition in patients with CI using a network meta-analysis (NMA). (3) Methods: The PubMed, Embase, Sport Discus (EBSCO) and Cochrane Library databases were electronically searched to collect randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on exercise for patients with CI from inception to 7 August 2022. Two reviewers independently screened the literature, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias of the included studies. The NMA was performed using the consistency model. (4) Results: A total of 29 RCTs comprising 2458 CI patients were included. The effects of different types of exercise on patients with CI were ranked as follows: multicomponent exercise (SMD = 0.84, 95% CI 0.31 to 1.36, p = 0.002), short duration (≤45 min) (SMD = 0.83, 95% CI 0.18 to 1.19, p = 0.001), vigorous intensity (SMD = 0.77, 95% CI 0.18 to 1.36, p = 0.011) and high frequency (5–7 times/week) (SMD = 1.28, 95% CI 0.41 to 2.14, p = 0.004). (5) Conclusion: These results suggested that multicomponent, short-duration, high-intensity, and high-frequency exercise may be the most effective type of exercise in improving global cognition in CI patients. However, more RCTs based on direct comparison of the effects of different exercise interventions are needed. (6) NMA registration identifier: CRD42022354978.