Exhaled Carbon Monoxide Level and Practices among Tobacco and Nicotine Adult Users in Klang Valley, Malaysia
-
Published:2023-03-02
Issue:5
Volume:20
Page:4443
-
ISSN:1660-4601
-
Container-title:International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
-
language:en
-
Short-container-title:IJERPH
Author:
Wan Puteh Sharifa Ezat1, Mohd Ismail Norayuni1ORCID, Md Isa Zaleha1ORCID, Ban Andrea Yu-Lin2
Affiliation:
1. Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaakob Latif, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia 2. Respiratory Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaakob Latif, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
Abstract
Tobacco and nicotine derivatives uses are multiple in nature. These include conventional cigarettes (CCs), heated tobacco products (HTPs), and electronic cigarettes (ECs). This study aims to determine the practices, nicotine dependency profile, association with exhaled carbon monoxide (eCO) level, and pulmonary function (PF) among adult product users and non-smokers. This cross-sectional study involved smokers, nicotine users, and non-smokers from two public health facilities in Kuala Lumpur from December 2021 to April 2022. Data on socio-demography, smoking profile, nicotine dependency level, anthropometry, eCO monitor, and spirometer measurements were recorded. Out of 657 respondents, 52.1% were non-smokers, 48.3% were CC only smokers, poly-users (PUs) (27.3%), EC-only users (20.9%), and HTP-only users (3.5%). EC use was prevalent among the younger aged, tertiary educated, and females; HTP use was prevalent among those of an older age and CC users was common among lower educated males. The highest median eCO (in ppm) seen were as follows: in CC users only (13.00), PUs (7.00), EC users (2.00), HTP users (2.00), and the least was observed among non-smokers (1.00), which is significantly different across the groups (p < 0.001). Comparison of practice between the different product users showed significant differences in age of product initiation (p < 0.001, youngest in CC users in PUs), duration of product use (p < 0.001, longest in exclusive CC users), cost per month (p < 0.001, highest in exclusive HTP users) and attempt to quit product (p < 0.001, CC use in PUs had the highest attempt to quit), while there is no significant difference in Fagerström score across the groups. Among EC users, 68.2% successfully switched from smoking CCs to ECs. The findings suggest that EC and HTP users are exhaling less CO. The use of these products in a targeted approach may manage nicotine addiction. Switching practice was higher among current EC users (from using CCs), hence emphasizing the need of switching encouragement and total nicotine abstinence later on. Lower eCO levels in the PU group, (as compared to CC-only users) and high quit attempt rate among in CC use in PUs may indicate attempt of PUs in reducing CC use through alternative modalities such as ECs and HTPs.
Funder
Universiti Kebangsaan, Malaysia, and the Malaysian Society of Harm Reduction
Subject
Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Reference50 articles.
1. (2022, August 23). Tobacco. Available online: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tobacco. 2. (2022, August 20). Cigarette, Available online: https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/cigarette. 3. (2022, August 20). IQOS Heated Tobacco Products. Available online: https://www.pmi.com/smoke-free-products/iqos-our-tobacco-heating-system. 4. E-cigarettes: A scientific review;Grana;Circulation,2014 5. McNeill, A., Calder, R., Bauld, L., and Robson, D. (2019). Vaping in England: An evidence update February 2019, A Report Commissioned by Public Health England.
|
|