Exploring the Relationship between Anemia and Postpartum Depression: Evidence from Malawi

Abstract

Purpose: Study findings suggest association between anemia and postpartum depression, but available evidence is scant and inconsistent. We investigate whether anemia is related to postpartum depression among women who have recently given birth in Malawi, where anemia prevalence is high. Methods: We use cross-sectional data from 829 women who were 18–36 years old, married, lived in Lilongwe, Malawi, and gave birth between August 2017 and February 2019. The primary outcome is postpartum depression in the year after birth, defined by the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Anemia status was assessed using hemoglobin levels that were measured at the time of the interview. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to investigate the relationship between postpartum depression and anemia status. Results: Our analysis sample consists of 565 women who completed the PHQ-9, tested for anemia, and had no missing values for covariates. Of these women, 37.5% had anemia (hemoglobin levels ≤ 110 g/L), and 2.7% were classified as showing symptoms of a major depressive disorder (MDD). After adjusting for potential confounders, anemia was significantly associated with increased risk of MDD (OR: 3.48, 95% CI: 1.15–10.57, p-value: 0.03). No significant associations were found between other covariates and postpartum depression. Conclusions: Our findings suggest a potential association between anemia and postpartum depression among women in Malawi. Policies that aim to improve nutrition and health outcomes for pregnant and postpartum women could generate a “double benefit” by both preventing anemia and reducing the risk of postpartum depression.