How Well Do Our Adsorbents Actually Perform?—The Case of Dimethoate Removal Using Viscose Fiber-Derived Carbons

Abstract

Growing pollution is making it necessary to find new strategies and materials for the removal of undesired compounds from the environment. Adsorption is still one of the simplest and most efficient routes for the remediation of air, soil, and water. However, the choice of adsorbent for a given application ultimately depends on its performance assessment results. Here, we show that the uptake of and capacity for dimethoate adsorption by different viscose-derived (activated) carbons strongly depend on the adsorbent dose applied in the adsorption measurements. The specific surface areas of the investigated materials varied across a wide range from 264 m2 g−1 to 2833 m2 g−1. For a dimethoate concentration of 5 × 10−4 mol L−1 and a high adsorbent dose of 10 mg mL−1, the adsorption capacities were all below 15 mg g−1. In the case of high-surface-area activated carbons, the uptakes were almost 100% under identical conditions. However, when the adsorbent dose was reduced to 0.01 mg mL−1, uptake was significantly reduced, but adsorption capacities as high as 1280 mg g−1 were obtained. Further, adsorption capacities were linked to adsorbents’ physical and chemical properties (specific surface area, pore size distribution, chemical composition), and thermodynamic parameters for the adsorption process were evaluated. Based on the Gibbs free energy of the adsorption process, it can be suggested that physisorption was operative for all studied adsorbents. Finally, we suggest that a proper comparison of different adsorbents requires standardization of the protocols used to evaluate pollutant uptakes and adsorption capacities.