Contribution of Solar Radiation and Pollution to Parkinson’s Disease

Abstract

Background. Parkinson’s disease (PD) is believed to develop from epigenetic modulation of gene expression through environmental factors that accounts for up to 85% of all PD cases. The main objective of this study was to examine the association between PD onset and a cumulative exposure to potentially modifiable ambient exposures. Methods. The study population comprised 3343 incident PD cases and 31,324 non-PD controls in Southern Israel. The exposures were determined based on the monitoring stations and averaged per year. Their association with PD was modeled using a distributed lag non-linear model and presented as an effect of exposure to the 75th percentile as compared to the 50th percentile of each pollutant, accumulated over the span of 5 years prior to the PD. Results. We recorded an adverse effect of particulate matter of size ≤10 μm in diameter (PM10) and solar radiation (SR) with odds ratio (OR) = 1.06 (95%CI: 1.02; 1.10) and 1.23 (95%CI: 1.08; 1.39), respectively. Ozone (O3) was also adversely linked to PD, although with a borderline significance, OR: 1.12 (95%CI: 0.99; 1.25). Immigrants arriving in Israel after 1989 appeared to be more vulnerable to exposure to O3 and SR. The dose response effect of SR, non-existent for Israeli-born (OR = 0.67, 95%CI: 0.40; 1.13), moderate for immigrants before 1989 (OR = 1.17, 95%CI: 0.98; 1.40) and relatively high for new immigrants (OR = 1.25, 95%CI: 1.25; 2.38) indicates an adaptation ability to SR. Conclusions. Our findings supported previous reports on adverse association of PD with exposure to PM10 and O3. Additionally, we revealed a link of Parkinson’s Disease with SR that warrants an extensive analysis by research groups worldwide.