Graphite Compactness Degree and Nodularity of High-Si Ductile Iron Produced via Permanent Mold versus Sand Mold Casting

Abstract

In recent years, high-Si ductile cast irons (3–6% Si) have begun to be used more and more in the automotive and maritime industries, but also in wind energy technology and mechanical engineering. Si-alloyed ferrite has high strength, hardness and oxidation and corrosion resistance, but it has low ductility, toughness and thermal conductivity, with graphite as an important influencing factor. In this study, 4.5% Si uninoculated ductile iron solidified in thin wall castings (up to 15 mm section size) via a permanent (metal) mold versus a sand mold, was evaluated. Solidification in a metal mold led to small size, higher graphite particles (less dependent on the section size). The graphite particles’ real perimeter was 3–5% higher than the convex perimeter, while the values of these parameters were 41–43% higher in the sand mold. Increasing the casting section size led to an increased graphite perimeter, with it being much higher for sand mold. The graphite particles’ shape factors, involving the maximum and minimum size, were at a lower level for metal mold solidification, while by involving the difference between Pr and Pc, is higher for the metal mold. The shape factor, including the graphite area and maximum size, had higher values in the metal mold, sustaining a higher compactness degree of graphite particles and a higher nodularity regarding metal mold solidification (75.5% versus 67.4%). The higher was due to the graphite compactness degree level (shape factor increasing from 0.50 up to 0.80), while the lower was due to the graphite nodularity for both the metal mold (39.1% versus 88.5%) and the sand mold (32.3% versus 83.1%). The difference between the metal mold and sand mold as the average graphite nodularity increased favored the metal mold.