Sol-Gel Derived Silica-Titania Waveguide Films for Applications in Evanescent Wave Sensors—Comprehensive Study

Abstract

Composite silica-titania waveguide films of refractive index ca. 1.8 are fabricated on glass substrates using a sol-gel method and dip-coating technique. Tetraethyl orthosilicate and tetraethyl orthotitanate with molar ratio 1:1 are precursors. Fabricated waveguides are annealed at 500 °C for 60 min. Their optical properties are studied using ellipsometry and UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Optical losses are determined using the streak method. The material structure and chemical composition, of the silica-titania films are analyzed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), respectively. The surface morphology was investigated using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) methods. The results presented in this work show that the waveguide films are amorphous, and their parameters are stable for over a 13 years. The optical losses depend on their thickness and light polarization. Their lowest values are less than 0.06 dB cm−1. The paper presents the results of theoretical analysis of scattering losses on nanocrystals and pores in the bulk and interfaces of the waveguide film. These results combined with experimental data clearly indicate that light scattering at the interface to a glass substrate is the main source of optical losses. Presented waveguide films are suitable for application in evanescent wave sensors.