Longitudinal Changes of Cornea Volume Measured by Means of Anterior Segment-Optical Coherence Tomography in Patients with Stable and Progressive Keratoconus

Abstract

Keratoconus is a corneal disease which results in progressive thinning and protrusion of the cornea leading to irregular astigmatism. The purpose of this study was to evaluate longitudinal changes in corneal volume (CV) occurring over time in keratoconus eyes. Consecutive patients affected by keratoconus were evaluated by means of anterior segment-optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) at two different time points: baseline (T0) and after 1 year (T1). Anterior and posterior refractive value; corneal thickness at the thinnest point (TP) and corneal volume (CV) calculated within discs of 3, 5 and 8 mm of diameter; anterior chamber depth (ACD); and anterior chamber volume (ACV) were obtained. Enrolled patients were divided into 3 groups (groups 1, 2, 3) according to the increasing disease severity and into 2 groups (groups A, B) according to the progression or stability of the disease. Overall, 116 eyes of 116 patients (76 males and 40 females, mean age 34.76 ± 13.99 years) were included. For the entire group of keratoconus patients, in comparison with T0, mean TP decreased at T1 from 458.7 ± 52.2 µm to 454.6 ± 51.6 µm (p = 0.0004); in parallel, mean value of CV calculated at 5 mm and 8 mm decreased significantly (from 10.78 ± 0.8 at T0 to 10.75 ± 0.79 at T1 (p = 0.02), and from 32.03 ± 2.01 mm3 at T0 to 31.95 ± 1.98 at T1 (p = 0.02), respectively). Conversely, there were no statistically significant differences in CV at 3 mm from T0 to T1 (p = 0.08), as well as for ACD and ACV. Regarding the course of the disease, patients belonging to group A showed statistically significant differences from T0 to T1 for TP, and for CV at 3 mm, 5 mm and 8 mm (p < 0.0001, p < 0.0001, p < 0.001 and p = 0.0058 respectively). There were no statistically significant differences for ACD (p = 0.6916) and ACV calculated at 3, 5 and 8 mm (p = 0.7709, p = 0.3765, p = 0.2475, respectively) in group A. At the same time, no statistically significant differences for ACD (p = 0.2897) and ACV calculated at 3, 5 and 8 mm (p = 0.9849, p = 0.6420, p = 0.8338, respectively) were found in group B. There were statistically significant positive correlations between changes of TP and CV at 3 mm (r = 0.6324, p < 0.0001), 5 mm (r = 0.7622, p < 0.0001) and 8 mm (r = 0.5987 p < 0.0001). In conclusion, given the strong correlation with TP, CV might be considered an additional AS-OCT parameter to be used in association with conventional parameters when detecting longitudinal changes in keratoconic eyes.