Elongation of Very Long-Chain Fatty Acids (ELOVL) in Atopic Dermatitis and the Cutaneous Adverse Effect AGEP of Drugs

Abstract

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common inflammatory skin disease, in particular among infants, and is characterized, among other things, by a modification in fatty acid and ceramide composition of the skin’s stratum corneum. Palmitic acid and stearic acid, along with C16-ceramide and 2-hydroxy C16-ceramide, occur strikingly in AD. They coincide with a simultaneous decrease in very long-chain ceramides and ultra-long-chain ceramides, which form the outermost lipid barrier. Ceramides originate from cellular sphingolipid/ceramide metabolism, comprising a well-orchestrated network of enzymes involving various ELOVLs and CerSs in the de novo ceramide synthesis and neutral and acid CERase in degradation. Contrasting changes in long-chain ceramides and very long-chain ceramides in AD can be more clearly explained by the compartmentalization of ceramide synthesis. According to our hypothesis, the origin of increased C16-ceramide and 2-hydroxy C16-ceramide is located in the lysosome. Conversely, the decreased ultra-long-chain and very long-chain ceramides are the result of impaired ELOVL fatty acid elongation. The suggested model’s key elements include the lysosomal aCERase, which has pH-dependent long-chain C16-ceramide synthase activity (revaCERase); the NADPH-activated step-in enzyme ELOVL6 for fatty acid elongation; and the coincidence of impaired ELOVL fatty acid elongation and an elevated lysosomal pH, which is considered to be the trigger for the altered ceramide biosynthesis in the lysosome. To maintain the ELOVL6 fatty acid elongation and the supply of NADPH and ATP to the cell, the polyunsaturated PPARG activator linoleic acid is considered to be one of the most suitable compounds. In the event that the increase in lysosomal pH is triggered by lysosomotropic compounds, compounds that disrupt the transmembrane proton gradient or force the breakdown of lysosomal proton pumps, non-HLA-classified AGEP may result.