Affiliation:
1. Department of Political Science, Roma Tre University, 00154 Roma, Italy
2. Economic Research Center, Western Caspian University, Baku 1001, Azerbaijan
3. Department of Sociology, “Niccolò Cusano” University, 00166 Roma, Italy
4. Department of Management, Technology and Finance, LUM University Giuseppe Degennaro, 70010 Bari, Italy
Abstract
This study examines hydrogen production across 27 European countries, highlighting disparities due to varying energy policies and industrial capacities. Germany leads with 109 plants, followed by Poland, France, Italy, and the UK. Mid-range contributors like the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, and Belgium also show substantial investments. Countries like Finland, Norway, Austria, and Denmark, known for their renewable energy policies, have fewer plants, while Estonia, Iceland, Ireland, Lithuania, and Slovenia are just beginning to develop hydrogen capacities. The analysis also reveals that a significant portion of the overall hydrogen production capacity in these countries remains underutilized, with an estimated 40% of existing infrastructure not operating at full potential. Many countries underutilize their production capacities due to infrastructural and operational challenges. Addressing these issues could enhance output, supporting Europe’s energy transition goals. The study underscores the potential of hydrogen as a sustainable energy source in Europe and the need for continued investment, technological advancements, supportive policies, and international collaboration to realize this potential.