Comprehensive Analysis of Magnetic Flux Density and RF-EMF Exposure in Electric Buses: A Case Study from Samsun, Turkey

Abstract

This study investigates magnetic flux density (B) and radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) measurements on electric buses operating in Samsun, Turkey, focusing on two bus routes (called E1 and E4) during the morning and evening hours. Measurements were taken under diverse operational conditions, including acceleration, cruising, and braking, at locations of peak passenger density. Along the E1 route, the magnetic field intensity varied significantly based on the bus position, road slope, and passenger load, with notable increases during braking. In contrast, the E4 route showed a lower magnetic field intensity and RF-EMF values due to its straighter trajectory and reduced operational stops. The highest RF-EMF measurement recorded was 6.01 V/m, which is below the maximum levels established by the ICNIRP guidelines. In 11 out of the 12 different band-selective RF-EMF measurements, the highest contribution came from the downlink band of the base stations, while in only one measurement, the highest contribution originated from the uplink bands of the base stations. All data were subject to the Anderson–Darling test, confirming the generalized extreme value distribution as the best fit for both B and RF-EMF measurements. Additionally, the study assessed B levels inside and outside the bus during charging, revealing heightened readings near the pantograph. These findings significantly contribute to our understanding of electromagnetic field exposure in electric bus environments, highlighting potential health implications and informing the development of targeted mitigation strategies.