Theabrownin Isolated from Pu-Erh Tea Enhances the Innate Immune and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of RAW264.7 Macrophages via the TLR2/4-Mediated Signaling Pathway

Author:

Zhao Lei12ORCID,Miao Yue1,Shan Bo1,Zhao Chunyan1,Peng Chunxiu3,Gong Jiashun14

Affiliation:

1. College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China

2. College of Science, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China

3. College of Horticulture and Landscape, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China

4. Agro-products Processing Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650223, China

Abstract

Theabrownin (TB) is a tea pigment extracted from Pu-erh Tea. The effects of TB on innate immunity and inflammation are not well understood. Herein, the effects of TB on innate immunity are investigated using RAW264.7 macrophages. We found that TB promoted the proliferation of RAW264.7 macrophages, altered their morphology, enhanced their pinocytic and phagocytic ability, and significantly increased their secretion of nitric oxide (NO) and cytokines, all of which enhanced the immune response. Additionally, TB inhibited the release of inflammatory signals in RAW264.7 macrophages primed with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), implying that TB modulates the excessive inflammation induced by bacterial infection. A Western blot showed that TB could activate the toll-like receptor (TLR)2/4-mediated myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)-dependent mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway and the TLR2-mediated phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)–AKT signaling pathway, enhancing the immune functions of RAW264.7 macrophages. TB also inhibited the phosphorylation of core proteins in the MAPK/NF-κB/PI3K–AKT signaling pathway induced by LPS. In addition, we analyzed the transcriptomes of RAW264.7 macrophages, and a Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis revealed that TB modulated thetoll-like receptor signal pathway. A gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis indicated that TB treatment strongly modulated the immune response and inflammation. As a result, TB-enhanced innate immunity and modulated inflammation via the TLR2/4 signaling pathway.

Funder

Yunnan Provincial Key Science and Technology Special Project

Yunling Scholar Program

National Natural Science Foundation of China

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

Plant Science,Health Professions (miscellaneous),Health (social science),Microbiology,Food Science

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