The Trade-Offs and Synergies of Ecosystem Services in Pinus massoniana Lamb. Plantations in Guangxi, China

Abstract

A scientific understanding of the synergistic and trade-off relationships among ecosystem services (ESs) is essential for maintaining the structure, function, and health of plantation forest ecosystems. This understanding facilitates effective ecosystem management practices, and helps identify the types, intensities, and spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of interactions among ESs, which is critical for regional development planning, ecological supplementation, and the maximization of economic benefits. In this study, we used correlation analysis, bivariate spatial autocorrelation, and hot spot analysis to comprehensively analyze the synergistic and trade-off relationships between ESs in Pinus massoniana (PM) plantations in Guangxi Paiyang Forest Farm from 2009 to 2018, across both time and space. The study showed that the ESs in PM plantations in Guangxi Paiyang Forest Farm maintained significant positive correlation (synergy), with a mutually reinforcing relationship among services. Notably, the regulating services shifted from weak synergy to weak trade-off relationships over time. From the bivariate spatial autocorrelation analysis, it is clear that the overall trade-off synergistic relationship among the four ESs is basically consistent with the correlation analysis results. From the distribution of multiple ES hot spots, we determined that the number of small groups that can provide three to four service hot spots in Guangxi Paiyangshan Forest Farm is greater. The spatial distribution of cold–hot spots of various ESs varied, and the distribution of cold–hot spots of supply services and regulation services of carbon sequestration and oxygen release was similar.