Transarterial Embolization for Spontaneous Soft-Tissue Hematomas: Predictive Factors for Early Death

Abstract

Introduction: The aim of this retrospective monocentric study was to assess the safety and efficacy of spontaneous soft-tissue hematoma transarterial embolization (TAE) and to evaluate predictive factors for early mortality (≤30 days) after TAE for spontaneous soft-tissue hematoma (SSTH). Materials and methods: Between January 2010 and March 2022, all patients referred to our hospital for spontaneous soft-tissue hematoma and treated by emergency TAE were reviewed. Inclusion criteria were patients: ≥18-year-old, with active bleeding shown on preoperative multidetector row computed tomography, with spontaneous soft-tissue hematoma, and treated by TAE. Exclusion criteria were patients with soft-tissue hematomas of traumatic, iatrogenic, or tumoral origin. Clinical, biological, and imaging records were reviewed. Imaging data included delimitation of hematoma volume and presence of fluid level. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to check for associations with early mortality. Results: Fifty-six patients were included. Median age was 75.5 [9–83] ([Q1–Q3] years and 23 (41.1%) were males. Fifty-one patients (91.1%) received antiplatelet agent and/or anticoagulant therapy. All 56 patients had active bleeding shown on a preoperative CT scan. Thirty-seven (66.0%) hematomas involved the retroperitoneum. Median hemoglobin level was 7.6 [4.4–8.2] g/dL. Gelatine sponge was used in 32/56 (57.1%) procedures. Clinical success was obtained in 48/56 (85.7%) patients and early mortality occurred in 15/56 (26.8%) patients. In univariate and multivariate analysis, retroperitoneal location and volume of hematoma were associated with early mortality. Conclusion: Retroperitoneal location and volume of hematoma seem to be risk factors for early death in the context of TAE for spontaneous soft-tissue hematoma. Larger multicenter studies are necessary to identify others predictive factors for early mortality and to anticipate which patients may benefit from an interventional strategy with TAE.