Recent Advances in Creating Biopreparations to Fight Oil Spills in Soil Ecosystems in Sharply Continental Climate of Republic of Kazakhstan

Abstract

The problem of eliminating petroleum pollution and its consequences is currently very relevant for Kazakhstan, which is among the ten largest oil-producing countries. The specifics of natural conditions—the sharply continental arid climate—necessitate the development and application of adequate technologies for the restoration of oil-contaminated territories and the Caspian seashore. The key factors (temperature, moisture, alkalinity, salinity, low mineral and organic matter content) affect the self-purification processes and microbiological status of oil-contaminated soils of Kazakhstan. The assessment of taxonomic diversity and characteristics of oil-degrading microorganisms isolated from samples of soils and reservoirs contaminated with hydrocarbons are given. The review of biopreparations and biotechnologies developed and used in Kazakhstan for cleaning environments from oil pollution is made, and their effectiveness is shown. The analysis of the current state of research in the field of biodegradation of hazardous pollutants and bioremediation of oil-contaminated areas allows us to identify promising areas of further work and approaches to the development and improvement of technologies for environmental protection.