Advanced Optoelectronic Modeling and Optimization of HTL-Free FASnI3/C60 Perovskite Solar Cell Architecture for Superior Performance

Author:

AlZoubi Tariq1ORCID,Kadhem Wasan J.2ORCID,Al Gharram Mahmoud3ORCID,Makhadmeh Ghaseb4,Abdelfattah Mohamed A. O.1,Abuelsamen Abdulsalam5,AL-Diabat Ahmad M.6,Abu Noqta Osama7,Lazarevic Bojan1ORCID,Zyoud Samer H.8ORCID,Mourched Bachar1ORCID

Affiliation:

1. College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Egaila 54200, Kuwait

2. Department of Scientific Basic Sciences, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Al-Balqa Applied University, Amman 11134, Jordan

3. Department of Physics, School of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology (SEEIT), German Jordanian University, Amman 11180, Jordan

4. General Education Department, Skyline University College, Sharjah P.O. Box 1797, United Arab Emirates

5. Medical Imaging and Radiography Department, Aqaba University of Technology, Aqaba 910122, Jordan

6. Department of Physics, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman 11733, Jordan

7. MEU Research Unit, Middle East University, Amman 11831, Jordan

8. Nonlinear Dynamics Research Center (NDRC), Department of Mathematics and Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates

Abstract

In this study, a novel perovskite solar cell (PSC) architecture is presented that utilizes an HTL-free configuration with formamide tin iodide (FASnI3) as the active layer and fullerene (C60) as the electron transport layer (ETL), which represents a pioneering approach within the field. The elimination of hole transport layers (HTLs) reduces complexity and cost in PSC heterojunction structures, resulting in a simplified and more cost-effective PSC structure. In this context, an HTL-free tin HC(NH2)2SnI3-based PSC was simulated using the solar cell capacitance simulator (SCAPS) within a one-dimensional framework. Through this approach, the device performance of this novel HTL-free FASnI3-based PSC structure was engineered and evaluated. Key performance parameters, including the open-circuit voltage (Voc), short-circuit current density (Jsc), fill factor (FF), power conversion efficiency (PCE), I-V characteristics, and quantum efficiency (QE), were systematically assessed through the modulation of physical parameters across various layers of the device. A preliminary analysis indicated that the HTL-free configuration exhibited improved I-V characteristics, with a PCE increase of 1.93% over the HTL configuration due to improved electron and hole extraction characteristics, reduced current leakage at the back contact, and reduced trap-induced interfacial recombination. An additional boost to the device’s key performance parameters has been achieved through the further optimization of several physical parameters, such as active layer thickness, bulk and interface defects, ETL thickness, carrier concentration, and back-contact materials. For instance, increasing the thickness of the active layer PSC up to 1500 nm revealed enhanced PV performance parameters; however, further increases in thickness have resulted in performance saturation due to an increased rate of hole–electron recombination. Moreover, a comprehensive correlation study has been conducted to determine the optimum thickness and donor doping level for the C60-ETL layer in the range of 10–200 nm and 1012–1019 cm−3, respectively. Optimum device performance was observed at an ETL-C60 ultra-thin thickness of 10 nm and a carrier concentration of 1019 cm−3. To maintain improved PCEs, bulk and interface defects must be less than 1016 cm−3 and 1015 cm−3, respectively. Additional device performance improvement was achieved with a back-contact work function of 5 eV. The optimized HTL-free FASnI3 structure demonstrated exceptional photovoltaic performance with a PCE of 19.63%, Voc of 0.87 V, Jsc of 27.86 mA/cm2, and FF of 81%. These findings highlight the potential for highly efficient photovoltaic (PV) technology solutions based on lead-free perovskite solar cell (PSC) structures that contribute to environmental remediation and cost-effectiveness.

Publisher

MDPI AG

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