Usnic Acid Derivatives Inhibit DNA Repair Enzymes Tyrosyl-DNA Phosphodiesterases 1 and 2 and Act as Potential Anticancer Agents

Abstract

Tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 1 and 2 (Tdp1 and Tdp2) are DNA repair enzymes that repair DNA damage caused by various agents, including anticancer drugs. Thus, these enzymes resist anticancer therapy and could be the reason for resistance to such widely used drugs such as topotecan and etoposide. In the present work, we found compounds capable of inhibiting both enzymes among derivatives of (−)-usnic acid. Both (+)- and (−)-enantiomers of compounds act equally effectively against Tdp1 with IC50 values in the range of 0.02–0.2 μM; only (−)-enantiomers inhibited Tdp2 with IC50 values in the range of 6–9 μM. Surprisingly, the compounds protect HEK293FT wild type cells from the cytotoxic effect of etoposide (CC50 3.0–3.9 μM in the presence of compounds and 2.4 μM the presence of DMSO) but potentiate it against Tdp2 knockout cells (CC50 1.2–1.6 μM in the presence of compounds against 2.3 μM in the presence of DMSO). We assume that the sensitizing effect of the compounds in the absence of Tdp2 is associated with the effective inhibition of Tdp1, which could take over the functions of Tdp2.