A Review of the Distribution and Health Effect of Organophosphorus Flame Retardants in Indoor Environments

Author:

Song Xingwei1,Zhu Sheng2,Hu Ling1,Chen Xiaojia34,Zhang Jiaqi5,Liu Yi6,Bu Qingwei7ORCID,Ma Yuning8

Affiliation:

1. Jiangsu Environmental Monitoring Centre, Nanjing 210019, China

2. Quzhou Environmental Monitoring Centre, Quzhou 324000, China

3. School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China

4. State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environment Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China

5. School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China

6. Thomas Gosnell School of Life Sciences, Rochester Institution of Technology Rochester, New York, NY 14623, USA

7. School of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology, Beijing 100083, China

8. College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China

Abstract

As a replacement for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) have been widely used and detected in different indoor environments all over the world. This paper comprehensively describes the concentration levels and distribution information of 11 kinds of OPFRs from 33 indoor dust and 10 air environments, from which TBOEP, TCIPP, and TDCIPP were observed to have higher concentrations in indoor environments. The ΣOPFRs displayed higher concentrations in indoor dust than in indoor air due to the higher molecular weight and vapor pressure of ΣOPFRs in building decoration materials, specifically for TCIPP and TDCIPP compounds. Considering that it is inevitable that people will be exposed to these chemicals in the indoor environments in which they work and live, we estimated their potential health risks through three human exposure pathways and found that the ingestion exposure to TBOEP for toddlers in Japan may reach up to 1270.80 ng/kg/day, which comprises a significant pathway compared to dermal contact and indoor air inhalation. Specifically, the combined total exposure to OPFRs by air inhalation, dust ingestion, and dermal contact was generally below the RfD values for both adults and toddlers, with a few notable higher exposures of some typical OPFRs.

Funder

National Science Foundation of China

State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex

Shanghai Sailing Program

Publisher

MDPI AG

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