Black Carbon in Bulgaria—Observed and Modelled Concentrations in Two Cities for Two Months

Abstract

Black carbon (BC) is one of the particulate matter (PM) components that both affects human health and contributes to climate change. In this study, we present the preliminary results of the investigation of BC concentrations in PM2.5 for two Bulgarian cites—Sofia and Burgas. The parallel PM2.5 samplings were organized in October 2020 and January 2021. The Multi-Wavelength Absorption Black carbon Instrument (MABI) was used for the evaluation of light-absorbing carbon. In addition, we compared the observed BC and PM2.5 values to modelled ones and analyzed the spatial distribution over the country, using data from advanced operational chemical transport models (CTM)—the European (regional) air quality system established at the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS). Generally, the observed BC and PM2.5 values were higher in January than in October for both cities. In October, the model underestimated the observed BC concentrations (Sofia—2.44 μg.m−3, Burgas—1.63 μg.m−3) by 17% and 51%. In January 2021, the observed monthly BC concentrations were higher (Sofia—3.62 μg.m−3, Burgas—1.75 μg.m−3), and the bias of the model was less than that in October, with an overestimation of 22% for Sofia. The relative bias for PM2.5 in October (17% for Sofia and −6% for Burgas) was less than the relative bias in January when the model underestimated PM2.5 monthly mean concentrations by 20% (Sofia) and 42% (Burgas). In addition, we also elaborate on two episodes with high observed BC concentrations in view of the meteorological conditions.