Recent Applications and Strategies to Enhance Performance of Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 Gas into Value-Added Chemicals Catalyzed by Whole-Cell Biocatalysts

Abstract

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is one of the major greenhouse gases that has been shown to cause global warming. Decreasing CO2 emissions plays an important role to minimize the impact of climate change. The utilization of CO2 gas as a cheap and sustainable source to produce higher value-added chemicals such as formic acid, methanol, methane, and acetic acid has been attracting much attention. The electrochemical reduction of CO2 catalyzed by whole-cell biocatalysts is a promising process for the production of value-added chemicals because it does not require costly enzyme purification steps and the supply of exogenous cofactors such as NADH. This study covered the recent applications of the diversity of microorganisms (pure cultures such as Shewanella oneidensis MR1, Sporomusa species, and Clostridium species and mixed cultures) as whole-cell biocatalysts to produce a wide range of value-added chemicals including methane, carboxylates (e.g., formate, acetate, butyrate, caproate), alcohols (e.g., ethanol, butanol), and bioplastics (e.g., Polyhydroxy butyrate). Remarkably, this study provided insights into the molecular levels of the proteins/enzymes (e.g., formate hydrogenases for CO2 reduction into formate and electron-transporting proteins such as c-type cytochromes) of microorganisms which are involved in the electrochemical reduction of CO2 into value-added chemicals for the suitable application of the microorganism in the chemical reduction of CO2 and enhancing the catalytic efficiency of the microorganisms toward the reaction. Moreover, this study provided some strategies to enhance the performance of the reduction of CO2 to produce value-added chemicals catalyzed by whole-cell biocatalysts.