Immune System and Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC): New Insights into HCC Progression

Author:

Kotsari Maria1,Dimopoulou Vassiliki1,Koskinas John2ORCID,Armakolas Athanasios1

Affiliation:

1. Physiology Laboratory, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece

2. B’ Department of Medicine, Hippokration Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece

Abstract

According to the WHO’s recently released worldwide cancer data for 2020, liver cancer ranks sixth in morbidity and third in mortality among all malignancies. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most common kind of liver cancer, accounts approximately for 80% of all primary liver malignancies and is one of the leading causes of death globally. The intractable tumor microenvironment plays an important role in the development and progression of HCC and is one of three major unresolved issues in clinical practice (cancer recurrence, fatal metastasis, and the refractory tumor microenvironment). Despite significant advances, improved molecular and cellular characterization of the tumor microenvironment is still required since it plays an important role in the genesis and progression of HCC. The purpose of this review is to present an overview of the HCC immune microenvironment, distinct cellular constituents, current therapies, and potential immunotherapy methods.

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

Inorganic Chemistry,Organic Chemistry,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry,Computer Science Applications,Spectroscopy,Molecular Biology,General Medicine,Catalysis

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