Application of Response Surface Design for Optimization of Direct Red Dye Biosorption onto Cockleshells

Abstract

This work emphasizes the efficiency of the response surface design to optimize the parameters affecting the removal of a textile dye—Direct Red 81 (DR-81)—by biosorption on seafood waste, namely, cockleshells (CS). The adsorbent was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis of surface and pH points of zero charge (pHpzc). A Box–Behnken design (BBD) with three factors was used to optimize the experimental conditions. After the experiment and data analysis, the optimal conditions found were 1 g of adsorbents, 10 mg/L of initial dye concentration, and a pH of 2 in the adsorbate solution, with the highest removal efficiency of 99.98%. The experimental results were analyzed by the ANOVA test, and they demonstrated the acceptability of the quadratic regression model. The adjusted determination coefficient R2 (adj) was equal to 98.82%, indicating an excellent relationship between the predicted and experimental responses. Langmuir isotherms were determined to be the best-fitting model, and the maximum adsorption capacity was 4.65 mg/g. The adsorption process was endothermic and fit the pseudo-second-order model. The negative values of ∆H and ∆S in the thermodynamic research showed that the bio-adsorption technique for the removal of Direct Red 81 is exothermic, spontaneous, and feasible. In addition, the negative value of ∆G indicates that the adsorption mechanism occurs at solid–liquid interfaces with an increasing number of species.