Affiliation:
1. Department of Waste and Resource Management, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Rostock, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
2. Deutsches Biomasseforschungszentrum gGmbH (DBFZ), D-04347 Leipzig, Germany
Abstract
Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) has developed considerably over the last 15 years and offers a viable alternative for the utilization of municipal and industrial organic waste such as sewage sludge. However, the technology has yet to establish itself as a valorization process for waste biomasses (2024) and is not yet a recognized state of the art. Nevertheless, the HTC technology could gain greater relevance in the future, especially as an alternative valorization pathway for sewage sludge. During HTC, significant amounts of HTC process water (PW) are produced as a byproduct. The process water is inorganically and organically polluted and has to be treated, as it would be a burden on water bodies and thus on the environment if left untreated. In the EU and specifically Germany, industrial wastewater producers like HTC-plant operators are obliged to treat their industrial wastewater before discharging it into the environment. In addition to a large amount of PW and its treatment to the required limits, the organic load and possible persistent and toxic substances pose major challenges for plant operators. Many proven processes from industrial wastewater treatment were transferred for the treatment of PW. Treatment of the PW in a manner that is industrially viable, economically viable, and efficient is crucial for the effective commercialization of HTC technology. In this, the challenges and opportunities of PW composition, management, and treatment, including legal aspects, are mainly discussed. Therefore, the legal framework in the European Union and specifically for Germany will be elaborated. Furthermore, different treatment pathways are also highlighted.
Reference103 articles.
1. Overview of recent advances in thermo-chemical conversion of biomass;Zhang;Energy Convers. Manag.,2010
2. Hydrothermal conversion of biomass to fuels and energetic materials;Kruse;Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol.,2013
3. Hydrothermal carbonization of wet biomass from nitrogen and phosphorus approach: A review;Pozarlik;Renew. Energy,2021
4. Novel approach of phosphate-reclamation as struvite from sewage sludge by utilising hydrothermal carbonization;Becker;J. Environ. Manag.,2019
5. (2024, February 15). The European Federation of National Associations of Water Services, EurEau an Overview of the European Drinking Water and Waste Water Sectors. Available online: https://www.eureau.org/resources/publications/eureau-publications/5824-europe-s-water-in-figures-2021/file.
Cited by
1 articles.
订阅此论文施引文献
订阅此论文施引文献,注册后可以免费订阅5篇论文的施引文献,订阅后可以查看论文全部施引文献