Phenotype–Genotype Correlations in Three Different Cases of Adult-Onset Genetic Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis

Abstract

This study highlights the importance of a combined diagnostic approach in the diagnosis of rare diseases, such as adult-onset genetic FSGS. We present three adult patient cases evaluated with kidney biopsy for proteinuria, chronic kidney disease, and hypertension, which were suggestive of adult-onset genetic FSGS. Renal biopsy samples and formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded fetal kidneys were evaluated using standard light microscopical stainings, direct immunofluorescence on cryostat sections, and electron microscopy. Clinical exome sequencing was performed for each case, and 45 FSGS-related genes were analyzed. Identifying mutations in the PAX2, ACTN4, and COL4A5 genes have prompted a re-evaluation of the previous histopathological examinations. The PAX2 mutation led to a thinner nephrogenic zone and decreased number of glomeruli, resulting in oligohydramnios during fetal development and oligomeganephronia and adaptive focal-segmental glomerulosclerosis in adulthood. The ACTN4 mutation caused distinct electron-dense aggregates in podocyte cell bodies, while the COL4A5 mutation led to segmental sclerosis of glomeruli with marked interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy. The identification of specific mutations and their histopathological consequences can lead to a better understanding of the disease and its progression, as well as potential treatment options.