Green Synthesis of Magnetite Nanoparticles Mediated Fumaria officinalis L. Plant as Sustainable and Renewable Adsorbing Materials

Abstract

Magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4) have been utilized to mediate Fumaria officinalis L., a plant known for its rich source of various phytogredients such as diterpenes, nor-diterpenoids, tri-terpenoids, flavonoids, and phenolic acids. These natural compounds act as capping, reducing, and stabilizing agents, offering an affordable and safer approach to synthesize nanoparticles in line with sustainable and eco-friendly concepts, such as green nanoparticles. The cost-effective synthesized nanoparticles were employed to adsorb Pb(II) from an aqueous solution. For investigating the surface characteristics of the adsorbent, a range of techniques were employed, including Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, and X-ray Diffraction. Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy was specifically applied to discern the functional groups present within the compounds. To optimize the adsorption process and achieve the best removal efficiency (R%), several parameters, including pH, initial concentration, temperature, and contact time, were optimized using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The experimental results indicated that the Langmuir isotherm provided a well-fitted model, suggesting a monolayer of Pb(II) capping on the surface of magnetite nanoparticles, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 147.1 mg/g. Moreover, the kinetic findings demonstrated a strong alignment with the pseudo-second-order model. The computed (qe) and observed outcomes associated with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model exhibited a commendable concurrence, underscoring the model’s remarkable precision in forecasting the adsorption mechanism of Pb(II) within the examined parameters. The antioxidant activity and green nanocomposite properties were determined using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and standard analytical methods. The phytochemical profile exhibited a total phenolic content of 596 ± 0.001 mg GAE/g dry weight and a total flavonoid content of 18.25 ± 0.001 mg QE/g dry weight. The DPPH radical’s inhibition showed potent antioxidant activity at various concentrations (44.74, 73.86, 119.791, and 120.16% at 200, 400, 600, and 800 μg/mL, respectively), demonstrating the potential of the plant as a natural capping and reducing agent during the green process of nanoparticle formation.