Applications of Sample Preparation Techniques in the Analysis of New Psychoactive Substances

Author:

Nisbet Lorna A.1,Wylie Fiona M.23,Scott Karen S.4ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Leverhulme Research Centre for Forensic Science, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, UK

2. Forensic Medicine and Science, University of Glasgow, University Place, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK

3. SPA Forensic Services, Govan, Glasgow G69 8AE, UK

4. Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA

Abstract

The global rise of new psychoactive substances (NPSs) poses challenges for their analysis in biological matrices due to their complex chemistries and short market lifespan. A comparative study for the simultaneous extraction, separation, and detection of 19 NPSs was conducted. Six solid-phase extraction (SPE) methods and one supported liquid extraction method (SLE) were compared for the extraction of analytes from blood, serum, plasma, and urine. Comparisons of four derivatization agents were conducted, at four temperatures and two incubation times. Extraction methods were assessed by precision, sensitivity, and extraction efficiency. Derivatizing agents were assessed on their selectivity and sensitivity, and a three-way ANOVA was conducted to determine statistical significance. CSDAU SPE cartridges were shown to be the most efficient when extracting analytes from blood, serum, and plasma, whereas Xcel I cartridges performed the strongest when extracting analytes from urine. SPE extraction efficiencies, when utilizing the best-performing cartridges, ranged from 49 to 119%. SLE successfully extracted all analytes from all matrices (ranging from 22 to 120%). Pentafluoropropionic anhydride: ethyl acetate was the most successful derivatizing agent, allowing all analytes to be detected, with the highest peak area responses and more unique spectra. The optimum temperature for incubation was 37 °C, with no statistical difference found between the two incubation times.

Publisher

MDPI AG

Reference39 articles.

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4. (2024, July 20). What Are NPS?. Available online: https://www.unodc.org/LSS/Page/NPS.

5. (2023, March 17). NPS Stimulants and Hallucinogens. Available online: https://www.cfsre.org/nps-discovery/trend-reports/nps-stimulants-and-hallucinogens/report/49?trend_type_id=3.

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