Recent Trends in Sustainable Remediation of Pb-Contaminated Shooting Range Soils: Rethinking Waste Management within a Circular Economy

Author:

Gómez-Sagasti María T.,Anza MikelORCID,Hidalgo JuneORCID,Artetxe Unai,Garbisu CarlosORCID,Becerril José M.

Abstract

Soil metal contamination in recreational shooting ranges represents a widespread environmental problem. Lead (Pb) is the primary component of traditional ammunition, followed by metalloids such as antimony (Sb) and arsenic (As). Lead-based bullets and pellets deposited on the soil surface are subject to steady weathering; hence, metal(loid)s are released and accumulated in the underlying soil, with potential adverse consequences for ecosystem function and human health. Amongst the currently available environmentally-safe technologies for the remediation of metal-contaminated soils, chemical immobilization is recognized as the most practical and cost-effective one. This technology often uses inorganic and organic amendments to reduce metal mobility, bioavailability and toxicity (environmental benefits). Likewise, amendments may also promote and speed up the re-establishment of vegetation on metal-affected soils, thus facilitating the conversion of abandoned shooting ranges into public green spaces (social benefit). In line with this, the circular economy paradigm calls for a more sustainable waste management, for instance, by recycling and reusing by-products and wastes in an attempt to reduce the demand for raw materials (economic benefit). The objective of this manuscript is to present a state-of-the-art review of the different industrial and agro-food by-products and wastes used for the remediation of metal-contaminated shooting range soils.

Funder

Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad, Gobierno de España

OTRI project

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

Process Chemistry and Technology,Chemical Engineering (miscellaneous),Bioengineering

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1. Soil Washing Methods for Effective Removal of Heavy Metal Contaminants;Industrial and Domestic Waste Management;2024-06-20

2. Contamination and remediation of contaminated firing ranges—an overview;Frontiers in Environmental Science;2024-03-12

3. Lead (Pb) in Shooting Range Soil: a Systematic Literature Review of Contaminant Behavior, Risk Assessment, and Remediation Options;Water, Air, & Soil Pollution;2023-12-16

4. Green Chemistry: From Wastes to Value-Added Products;Processes;2023-07-17

5. An assessment of chemical warfare agents in soils: detection, distribution, and ecotoxicology;Sensing of Deadly Toxic Chemical Warfare Agents, Nerve Agent Simulants, and their Toxicological Aspects;2023

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