Biomass Production and Metal Remediation by Salix alba L. and Salix viminalis L. Irrigated with Greywater Treated by Floating Wetlands-Reference-Cited by-同舟云学术

Biomass Production and Metal Remediation by Salix alba L. and Salix viminalis L. Irrigated with Greywater Treated by Floating Wetlands

Published:2024-02-26 Issue:3 Volume:11 Page:44
ISSN:2076-3298
Container-title:Environments
language:en
Short-container-title:Environments

Author:

Almuktar Suhad A. A. A. N.¹^ORCID,Abed Suhail N.²,Scholz Miklas²³⁴⁵⁶^ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, Skempton Building, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK

2. Directorate of Engineering, School of Science, Engineering and Environment, The University of Salford, Newton Building, Salford M5 4WT, UK

3. Department of Civil Engineering Science, School of Civil Engineering and the Built Environment, Kingsway Campus, University of Johannesburg, Aukland Park, P.O. Box 524, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa

4. Department of Town Planning, Engineering Networks and Systems, South Ural State University, 76, Lenin Prospekt, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia

5. Kunststoff-Technik Adams, Specialist Company According to Water Law, Schulstraße 7, 26931 Elsfleth, Germany

6. Nexus by Sweden, Skepparbacken 5, 722 11 Västerås, Sweden

Abstract

As an alternative wood source for biochar and a cost-effective renewable energy source, sustainable biomass production based on fast-growing willows irrigated with treated wastewater has been explored. Salix alba L. and Salix viminalis L. were selected for assessment of their potentially high woody biomass productivity and phytoremediation efficiency when irrigated with greywater treated by floating treatment wetlands. Both Salix species produced significantly (p < 0.05) high woody biomass in the second harvest, with a significantly higher fresh woody biomass weight with higher water content (53%) for S. viminalis compared to S. alba. The dry biomass weight of S. alba was greater than of S. viminalis at the first harvest. The element accumulations in substrates changed significantly after irrigation, with greywater compared to the raw substrate following this order: Mg > Fe > Al > Cr > Mn > Cd > Cu > B. Element concentrations accumulated in twigs of S. alba following this order: Ca > Mg > Na > Mn > Zn > Fe > Al > Cd > Cu > Cr > Ni > B, but for S. viminalis the order was Ca > Mg > Mn > Zn > Na > Fe > Al > Cd > Cu > Ni > Cr > B. The accumulations of Al, B, Ca, Fe, Mg, Mn, and Ni were significantly greater in S. alba leaves compared to their twigs, which showed significantly high accumulations of Na and Zn. The accumulations of Al, B, Ca, Fe, Mg, Mn, and Na were significantly greater in S. viminalis leaves compared to their twigs.

Funder

Water JPI

European Union Horizon 2020

Publisher

MDPI AG

Link

https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3298/11/3/44/pdf

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