Detection of Emerging Stress in Trees Using Hyperspectral Indices as Classification Features

Abstract

This research presents a classification methodology for the detection of new or emerging stress in trees using indices derived from hyperspectral data and tests whether existing hyperspectral indices are effective when used as the classification features for this problem. We tested six existing indices—Water Band Index (WBI), Gitelson–Merzlyak B Index (GMb), Normalized Phaeophytization Index (NPQI), Combined Carotenoid/Chlorophyll Ratio Index (CCRI), Photochemical Reflectance Index (PRI), and Red-Edge Chlorophyll Index (CIre)—along with a seventh Test Index—generated as a composite of PRI and Cire—as classification features. Analysis was conducted using data collected from trees with and without emerald ash borer (EAB) infestation to develop a methodology that could be adapted to measure emerging stress from other pathogens or invasive pests in other tree species. Previous work has focused specifically on the identification of damage or stress symptoms caused by a specific pathogen. In this study, we adapted that work to develop a system of classification that can be applied to the identification of stress symptoms from a range of sources, measurable in trees based on spectral response and, in some cases, detectable prior to the onset of visible symptoms that can be measured through human observation. Our data indicate that existing indices derived from hyperspectral data are effective as classification features when measuring spectral responses indicative of emerging stress in trees.