Quantitation of Lupinus spp. Quinolizidine Alkaloids by qNMR and Accelerated Debittering with a Resin-Based Protocol

Author:

Madelou Nikoleta Anna1,Melliou Eleni1,Magiatis Prokopios1ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece

Abstract

Quinolizidine alkaloids (QAs) are toxic secondary metabolites of the Lupinus species, the presence of which limits the expansion of lupin beans consumption, despite their high protein content. Evaluation of the level of alkaloids in edible Lupinus species is crucial from a food safety point of view. However, quantitation of QAs is complicated by the fact that not all important alkaloids used for quantitation are commercially available. In this context, we developed a method for the simultaneous quantitation of eight major lupin alkaloids using quantitative NMR spectroscopy (qNMR). Quantitation and analysis were performed in 15 different seed extracts of 11 Lupinus spp. some of which belonged to the same species, with different geographical origins and time of harvest, as well as in all aerial parts of L. pilosus. The mature seeds of L. pilosus were found to be a uniquely rich source of multiflorine. Additionally, we developed a protocol using adsorption or ionic resins for easy, fast, and efficient debittering of the lupine seeds. The protocol was applied to L. albus, leading to a decrease of the time required for alkaloids removal as well as water consumption and to a method for QA isolation from the debittering wastewater.

Publisher

MDPI AG

Reference40 articles.

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3. Diversity and Evolutionary History of Lupins–Insights from New Phylogenies;Eastwood;Int. Lupin Assoc.,2008

4. Smith, C.P. (1948). Species Lupinorum, California Botanical Society.

5. Patterns of Quinolizidine Alkaloids in 56 Species of the Genus Lupinus;Wink;Phytochemistry,1995

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