A Rapid Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Strategy of Carbamazepine in Serum by Using Coffee-Ring Effect Assisted Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy

Abstract

Carbamazepine (CBZ) has a narrow therapeutic concentration range, and therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is necessary for its safe and effective individualized medication. This study aims to develop a procedure for CBZ detection in serum using coffee-ring effect assisted surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Silver nanoparticles deposited onto silicon wafers were used as the SERS-active material. Surface treatment optimization of the silicon wafers and the liquid–liquid extraction method were conducted to eliminate the influence of impurities on the silicon wafer surface and the protein matrix. The proposed detection procedure allows for the fast determination of CBZ in artificially spiked serum samples within a concentration range of 2.5–40 μg·mL−1, which matches the range of the drug concentrations in the serum after oral medication. The limit of detection for CBZ was found to be 0.01 μg·mL−1. The developed method allowed CBZ and its metabolites to be ultimately distinguished from real serum samples. The developed method is anticipated to be a potential tool for monitoring other drug concentrations.