Symmetry of Hydrogen Bonds: Application of NMR Method of Isotopic Perturbation and Relevance of Solvatomers

Abstract

Short, strong, symmetric, low-barrier hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) are thought to be of special significance. We have been searching for symmetric H-bonds by using the NMR technique of isotopic perturbation. Various dicarboxylate monoanions, aldehyde enols, diamines, enamines, acid–base complexes, and two sterically encumbered enols have been investigated. Among all of these, we have found only one example of a symmetric H-bond, in nitromalonamide enol, and all of the others are equilibrating mixtures of tautomers. The nearly universal lack of symmetry is attributed to the presence of these H-bonded species as a mixture of solvatomers, meaning isomers (or stereoisomers or tautomers) that differ in their solvation environment. The disorder of solvation renders the two donor atoms instantaneously inequivalent, whereupon the hydrogen attaches to the less well solvated donor. We therefore conclude that there is no special significance to short, strong, symmetric, low-barrier H-bonds. Moreover, they have no heightened stability or else they would have been more prevalent.