Arteannuin-B and (3-Chlorophenyl)-2-Spiroisoxazoline Derivative Exhibit Anti-Inflammatory Effects in LPS-Activated RAW 264.7 Macrophages and BALB/c Mice-Induced Proinflammatory Responses via Downregulation of NF-κB/P38 MAPK Signaling

Abstract

Host inflammatory responses are key to protection against injury; however, persistent inflammation is detrimental and contributes to morbidity and mortality. Herein, we demonstrated the anti-inflammatory role of Arteannuin-B (1) and its new spirocyclic-2-isoxazoline derivative JR-9 and their side effects in acute inflammatory condition in vivo using LPS-induced cytokines assay, carrageenan-induced paw edema, acetic acid-induced writhing and tail immersion. The results show that the spirocyclic-2-isoxazoline derivative is a potent anti-inflammatory agent with minimal cell toxicity as compared to Arteannuin-B. In addition, the efficacies of these compounds were also validated by flow cytometric, computational, and histopathological analysis. Our results show that the anti-inflammatory response of JR-9 significantly reduces the ability of mouse macrophages to produce NO, TNF-α, and IL-6 following LPS stimulation. Therefore, JR-9 is a prospective candidate for the development of anti-inflammatory drugs and its molecular mechanism is likely related to the regulation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathway.