Flavonoid Constituents and Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibition of Solanum stramonifolium Jacq. Inflorescence with In Vitro and In Silico Studies

Abstract

Solanum stramonifolium Jacq. (Solanaceae) is widely found in South East Asia. In Thailand, it is used as vegetable and as a component in traditional recipes. The results of an alpha-glucosidase inhibitory screening test found that the crude extract of S. stramonifolium inflorescence exhibited the potential effect with IC50 81.27 μg/mL. The separation was performed by the increasing solvent polarity method. The ethyl acetate, ethanol, and water extracts of S. stramonifolium inflorescence showed the synergistic effect together with acarbose standard. The phytochemical investigation of these extracts was conducted by chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. Six flavonoid compounds, myricetin 3, 4′, 5′, 7-tetramethyl ether (1), combretol (2), kaempferol (3), kaempferol 7-O-glucopyranoside (4), 5-hydroxy 3-7-4′-5′-tetramethoxyflavone-3′-O-glucopyranoside (5), and a mixture (6) of isorhamnetin 3-O-glucopyranoside (6a) and astragalin (6b) were isolated. This discovery is the first report of flavonoid-glycoside 5. Moreover, the selected flavonoids, kaempferol and astragalin, were representatives to explore the mechanism of action. Both of them performed mixed-type inhibition. The molecular docking gave a better understanding of flavonoid compounds’ ability to inhibit the alpha-glucosidase enzyme.