Exploiting the Applicability of Polytetrahydrofuran-Modified Polyester for the Fabric Phase Sorptive Extraction of Doxycycline from Human Urine

Abstract

In this report, a polytetrahydrofuran-coated polyester fabric phase sorptive extraction (FPSE) for the determination of doxycycline in human urine was described. The sol-gel polytetrahydrofuran sorbent proved to be superior against other sol-gel coated cellulose and polyester membranes tested. The effect of the extraction parameters including membrane surface area, sample pH and volume, salt concentration, extraction time, stirring rate, etc., on the extraction efficiency of the analyte was studied using the “one-factor-at-a-time” (OFAT) and Box–Behnken design approaches. The analytical method proposed was validated in compliance with FDA guidelines for bioanalytical procedures. The method was linear in the determination range of 100–5000 ng/mL with the determination coefficient of 0.9953. The limit of detection (LOD) and the lower limit of quantification for doxycycline was 17 and 100 ng/mL, respectively. The relative recoveries for intra-day and inter-day studies ranged from 98.5–112.2% and 89.6–96.8%, respectively. The relative standard deviation was lower than 14.7% in all cases, exhibiting good precision. The sol-gel polytetrahydrofuran-modified FPSE membranes were reusable for at least 30 times. The greenness of the developed method was evaluated using Sample Preparation Metric of Sustainability (SPMS) and Blue Applicability Grade Index (BAGI) metric tools. Finally, the analytical scheme was successfully employed for the quantitation of urinary doxycycline collected at various time points following the administration of doxycycline-containing tablets.