Theoretical Study of Cyanidin-Resveratrol Copigmentation by the Functional Density Theory

Abstract

Anthocyanins are colored water-soluble plant pigments. Upon consumption, anthocyanins are quickly absorbed and can penetrate the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Research based on population studies suggests that including anthocyanin-rich sources in the diet lowers the risk of neurodegenerative diseases. The copigmentation caused by copigments is considered an effective way to stabilize anthocyanins against adverse environmental conditions. This is attributed to the covalent and noncovalent interactions between colored forms of anthocyanins (flavylium ions and quinoidal bases) and colorless or pale-yellow organic molecules (copigments). The present work carried out a theoretical study of the copigmentation process between cyanidin and resveratrol (CINRES). We used three levels of density functional theory: M06-2x/6-31g+(d,p) (d3bj); ωB97X-D/6-31+(d,p); APFD/6-31+(d,p), implemented in the Gaussian16W package. In a vacuum, the CINRES was found at a copigmentation distance of 3.54 Å between cyanidin and resveratrol. In water, a binding free energy ∆G was calculated, rendering −3.31, −1.68, and −6.91 kcal/mol, at M06-2x/6-31g+(d,p) (d3bj), ωB97X-D/6-31+(d,p), and APFD/6-31+(d,p) levels of theory, respectively. A time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) was used to calculate the UV spectra of the complexes and then compared to its parent molecules, resulting in a lower energy gap at forming complexes. Excited states’ properties were analyzed with the ωB97X-D functional. Finally, Shannon aromaticity indices were calculated and isosurfaces of non-covalent interactions were evaluated.